Frenzy

Muscles of the Head and Neck

Muscles of the HEAD and NECK

Muscle Function

1.Occipitalis Backward traction of galea and skin

2. Frontalis Movement of galea and skin

3. Orbicularis Oculi Closing the eye

4. Corrugator Approximation of the eyebrows

5. Compressor Nasi Narrowing of the nostrils

6. Orbicularis Oris Closing the mouth

7. Quadratus Labii Raise upper lip

8. Levator Anguli Oris Raise angle of the mouth

9. Zygomaticus Major Upward traction of angle of mouth

10. Risorius Lateral pulling of angle of mouth

11. Depressor Anguli Oris Downward traction of angle of mouth

12. Depressor Labii Inferioris Downward pulling of lower lip

13. Mentalis Moving the skin of the chin

14. Buccinator Evacuate air from the teeth and cheeks

15. Masseter Upward traction of the lower jaw

16.Temporalis Upward traction of the lower jaw

17. Semispinalis Capitis Backward traction of the head

18. Splenius Capitis Rotation of the head

19. Sternomastoid Contraction flexes the head

Tertiary Muscles

Tertiary Muscles
Anatomical Drawing

Shoulder: adductors.
1. Teres major:
Origin: Posterior aspect of the lower corner of the scapula.
Insertion: along with the Latissimus dorsi below the lesser tuberosity of the humerus.
Function: Adducts and rotates arm inward, lowers the arm when raised vertically.

2. Teres minor:
Origin: lateral margin of the Infraspinous fossa.
Insertion: major tuberosity of the humerus, just below the Infraspinatus.
Function: Adducts and rotates arm outward.

Arm: flexors.
3. Flexor carpi ulnaris:
Origin: medial Epicondyle of the humerus, oleocranon and posterior aspect of the ulna.
Insertion: ulnar side carpal bone, (pisiform).
Function: flexion and adduction of the wrist.

4. Flexor carpi radialis:
Origin: medial Epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion: second metacarpal bone, 1st finger.
Function: flexes and pronates the hand.

Thumb: extenders and abductors.
5. Abductor pollicis Longus: runs obliquely from the ulna to the thumb.
Origin: posterior surface of the ulna and radius; interosseous membrane.
Insertion: base of the first metacarpal.
Function: extension and abduction of the thumb.

6. Extensor pollicis brevis: tendons of the brevis & longus form the (tabatiere).
Origin: posterior surface of the ulna; interosseous membrane.
Insertion: distal phalanx of the thumb.
Function: extension of the distal phalanx of the thumb.

Hand:
7. Dorsal Interosseous: abducts the index finger.

Features of the hand: palmar side.
Thenar eminence, (thumb side), palmar excavation and hypothenar eminence.
Palmar side of the wrist exhibits 3-4 major wrinkles resulting from flexion of the thumb and 4 fingers.
Above the wrist: tendons of the Palmaris longus, (middle and most prominent) and the Flexor carpi radialis, (lateral tendon).

Features of the hand: Dorsal side.
Arc of the knuckles followed by the arc of the fingers.
Middle finger is longest. Thumb reaches to the 1st phalanx of the index finger.

Trunk:
8. Serratus anterior:
Origin: digitations from uppermost 8 or nine ribs.
Insertion: the whole medial border of the scapula.
Function: draws scapula forward and laterally.

Leg:
9. Tensor fasciae latae: ilio-tibial band.
Origin: anterior superior iliac spine.
Insertion: Lateral condyle of the tibia.
Function: elevation and abduction of the thigh.

10. Peroneus longus:
Origin: upper half of lateral surface of fibula.
Insertion: behind the outer knob of the ankle.
Function: flexion and eversion of foot, steadies the leg when standing on one foot.

11. Extensor Hallucis Longus:
Origin: Interosseous membrane, surface of fibula.
Insertion: base of the distal phalanx of the great toe.
Function: extention of the great toe.

Foot:
12. Extensor digitorum brevis:
Origin: upper surface of the calcaneum (heel bone).
Insertion: One tendon (the extensor hallucis brevis) inserts into the base of the proximal phalanx of the big toe. The other tendons unite with the corresponding tendons of the extensor digitorum.
Function: extends the toes.

Features of the foot:
The tendon of the tibialis anterior is prominent upon inversion and flexion of the foot.

The medial maleolus of the tibia is superior to the lateral maleolus of the fibula.

Three fat pads on the plantar side of the foot.

Toes tend to step downward to the distal phalanx.

The arc of the fingers is similar to that of the foot.

Secondary Muscles

Secondary Muscles
Anatomical Drawing

Trunk:
1. External Oblique: (Obliquus externus abdominis). Fibers run obliquley toward pubis.
Origin: lower 8 ribs with digitations, Upper 4 interweave with the Serratus anterior and the lower 4 with the Latissimus dorsi.
Insertion: illiac crest, linea alba and inguinal ligament. The linea alba is a tough, fibrous strap that runs through the midline of the trunk. The external oblique muscles cover the abdominis rectus with a broad aponeurosis, (expanded tendon for muscle attachment).
Function: bends trunk forward and rotates it to the opposite side.

Back:
2. Rhomboideus major and minor: rhomboid shape, beneath the trapezius.
Origin: spinous processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: medial border of the scapula.
Function: rotates the scapula medially and upward and steadies scapula during movement of the arm.

Shoulder:
3. Infraspinatus:
Origin: infraspinous fossa.
Insertion: major tuberosity of humerus.
Function: outward and backward rotation of the arm.

Pelvis:
4. Gluteus medius:
Origin: outer surface of the illiac.
Insertion: lateral aspect of the great trochanter.
Function: abduction and medial rotation of the thigh.

Arm:
5. Extensor carpi radialis longus: runs along with the brachioradialis.
Origin: lateral edge of humerus.
Insertion: radial side of metacarpal.
Function: extend and abduct hand.

6. Extensor digitorum:
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion: one tendon into distal phlanges, two tendons into mid phlanges.
Function: extends the fingers except for the thumb.

7. Extensor carpi ulnaris:
Origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior aspect of the ulna.
Insertion: ulnar side of metacarpal.
Function: extends the wrist and adducts hand.


8. Brachialis: greater part is covered by the biceps brachii muscle.
Origin: humerus bone below the deltoid.
Insertion: coranoid process of the ulna bone.
Function: forearm flexion.

Leg:
9. Biceps femoris: lateral flexor. 2 heads.
Origin: long head at the sciatic tuber of the ishium and the short head on the linea aspera of femor.
Insertion: head of fibula.
Function: flexion and medial rotation of the leg.

10. Semitendinosis: medial flexor.
Origin: ishium tuberosity.
Insertion: medial surface of the tibia.
Function: flexion and medial rotation of the leg.

11. Sartorius: (tailors muscle), is the longest muscle in the body.
Origin: anterior superior illiac spine.
Insertion: inner side of tibia.
Function: abducts and flexes thigh, lateral rotation of thigh and flexion of the leg on the thigh.

12. Tibialis anterior:
Origin: lateral condyle of the tibia.
Insertion: medial side metatarsals.
Function: extends the foot.

Primary Muscles

1-12 Primary Muscles
Anatomical Drawing

1. Deltoid: 7 bundles.
Origin: lateral third of clavicle, acronium process and scapular spine.
Insertion: lateral aspect of humerus.
Function: contraction will raise arm to horizontal plane.

2. Brachioradialis: longest forearm extender.
Origin: lower third of humerus.
Insertion: lateral side, lower end of radius.
Function: flexes forearm and supinates forearm in extension.

3. Pectoralis major: triangular muscle composed of three parts.
Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum and abdominal sheath.
Insertion: anterior side of humerus.
Function: adduction of arm and traction of the raised arm downward.

4. Trapezius: trapezoidal shape.
Origin: occipital bone of the skull, cervical and thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: clavicle, acromiom process and spine of scapula.
Function: draws scapula toward spine. Cervical portion raises shoulder.

5. Quadriceps: 4 extensors of the thigh.
• Vastus lateralis: lateral side.
Origin: linea aspera of femur and below the great trochanter.
Insertion: lateral border of patella.
• Vastus medialis: medial side.
Origin: linea aspera of femur.
Insertion: medial border of patella.
• Rectus femoris: front of thigh.
Origin: anterior, inferior illiac spine.
Insertion: base of the patella.
Function: extention fo the leg.

6. Biceps (brachii): 2 heads (long and short) flexor muscle. Low riser.
Origin: long head (lateral) tuberosity above glenoid fossa of scapula through bicepital groove. Short head (medial) on the coracoid process.
Insertion: tuberosity of radius bone.
Function: flex arm and supinate pronated arm.

7. Triceps: 3 heads (long, medial and lateral) extensor muscle.
Origin: posterior surface of humerus bone. Long head originates on the scapula.
Insertion: oleocranon process of ulna bone.
Function: extends forearm.



8. Rectus abdominus: 8 pack.
Origin: costal cartilages 5, 6 and 7.
Insertion: pubic symphysis.
Function: forward flexion of the trunk.

9. Latissimus dorsi: broad flat muscle.
Origin: 6 lower thoracic, all lumbar and sacral vertebrae and posterior section of the illiac crest.
Insertion: anterior surface of the humerus.
Function: With pectoralis, traction of the raised arm downwards. Draws arm backward and medially.

10. Gluteus maximus: buttock muscle.
Origin: surface of illiac, sacrum and coccygeal.
Insertion: posterior surface of femur.
Function: extends thigh backwards.

11. Sternomastoid: 2 heads.
Origin: manubrium and sternal edge of clavicle.
Insertion: mastoid process and occipital bone.
Function: turns head to opposite side. Both together lift face and tip head backwards.

12. Triceps surae: calf muscle (3 heads).
Origin: lateral condyle of femur.
Insertion: heel bone ( calcaneus).
Function: flexes leg and points foot.

The Skeleton

THE SKELETON
Mark Langeneckert

The Axial skeleton: Protective enclosures for vital organs.

Skull: mandible (lower jaw), maxilla (upper jaw) and cranium.

Spine: 24 vertebrae, 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar,
sacrum & coccyx (fused vertebrae).

Rib Cage: 12 pairs of ribs articulating with thoracic vertebrae.
Sternum and manubrium articulating with the clavicles.

Pelvis: Innominate (Os Coxae)
(upper) Ilium (Iliac crest in front and the iliac spine in back).
(lower) Ishium (pubis symphysis).

The Appendicular skeleton: paired bones acting as levers for power.

Thigh: Femur, great Trochanter.

Lower leg: Tibia (medial), fibula (lateral) and patella, (kneecap).

Foot: Tarsals, Metatarsals and Phlanges: proximal, median, and distal.

Shoulder Girdle: Clavicle (collar bone) and scapula (shoulder blade).

Upper Arm: Humerus.

Forearm: Radius (thumb side) and Ulna (little finger side).

Hand: Carpals, Metacarpals and Phlanges: proximal, median, and distal.

The standard anatomical position is standing upright with palms forward.

Vocabulary:
Articulation = a connection between bones. Superior = toward the skull.
Medial = toward the midline. Inferior = toward the sole of the foot.
Lateral = away from the midline. Superficial = toward the surface.
Anterior = frontal, palms forward. Deep = beneath the surface.
Posterior = back or rear view. Supine = face or palm up.
Proximal = toward the trunk. Prone = face or palm down.
Distal = away from the trunk.


Movement of joints:
Adduction = moving toward the midline. Flexion = bending to an acute angle.
Abduction = moving away from the midline. Extension = straightening of a limb.

Characteristics of bone:
Condyle: a smooth rounded knob Crest: a ridge or edge
Epicondyle: the raised area near a condyle Eminence: a barely noticable rise
Tubercle: a bulge or bump Fossa: a slight depression
Tuberosity: a large prominent bump Process: a large prominent bump